1 Study Coverage
1.1 Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Revenue in Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Business (2021-2025) & (US$ Million) Introduction
1.2 Global Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Outlook 2021 VS 2025 VS 2031
1.2.1 Global Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size for the Year 2025-2031
1.2.2 Global Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size for the Year 2025-2031
1.3 Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size, United States VS Global, 2021 VS 2025 VS 2031
1.3.1 The Market Share of United States Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) in Global, 2021 VS 2025 VS 2031
1.3.2 The Growth Rate of Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size, United States VS Global, 2021 VS 2025 VS 2031
1.4 Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Dynamics
1.4.1 Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Industry Trends
1.4.2 Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Drivers
1.4.3 Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Challenges
1.4.4 Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Restraints
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) by Type
2.1 Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Segment by Type
2.1.1 Fuel Power
2.1.2 Electric
2.1.3 Hybrid
2.2 Global Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size by Type (2021, 2025 & 2031)
2.3 Global Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size by Type (2025-2031)
2.4 United States Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size by Type (2021, 2025 & 2031)
2.5 United States Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size by Type (2025-2031)
3 Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) by Application
3.1 Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Segment by Application
3.1.1 Passenger Vehicle
3.1.2 Commercial Vehicle
3.2 Global Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size by Application (2021, 2025 & 2031)
3.3 Global Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size by Application (2025-2031)
3.4 United States Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size by Application (2021, 2025 & 2031)
3.5 United States Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size by Application (2025-2031)
4 Global Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Competitor Landscape by Company
4.1 Global Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size by Company
4.1.1 Top Global Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Companies Ranked by Revenue (2025)
4.1.2 Global Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Revenue by Player (2021-2025)
4.2 Global Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Concentration Ratio (CR)
4.2.1 Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Concentration Ratio (CR) (2021-2025)
4.2.2 Global Top 5 and Top 10 Largest Companies of Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) in 2021
4.2.3 Global Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)
4.3 Global Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Headquarters, Revenue in Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Business (2021-2025) & (US$ Million) Type
4.3.1 Global Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Headquarters and Area Served
4.3.2 Global Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Companies Revenue in Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Business (2021-2025) & (US$ Million) Type
4.3.3 Date of International Companies Enter into Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market
4.4 Companies Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4.5 United States Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size by Company
4.5.1 Top Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Players in United States, Ranked by Revenue (2025)
4.5.2 United States Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Revenue by Players (2023, 2024 & 2025)
5 Global Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size by Region
5.1 Global Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2031
5.2 Global Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size by Region (2025-2031)
5.2.1 Global Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size by Region: 2021-2025
5.2.2 Global Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size by Region (2025-2031)
6 Segment in Region Level & Country Level
6.1 North America
6.1.1 North America Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size YoY Growth 2025-2031
6.1.2 North America Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Facts & Figures by Country (2021, 2025 & 2031)
6.1.3 U.S.
6.1.4 Canada
6.2 Asia-Pacific
6.2.1 Asia-Pacific Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size YoY Growth 2025-2031
6.2.2 Asia-Pacific Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Facts & Figures by Region (2021, 2025 & 2031)
6.2.3 China
6.2.4 Japan
6.2.5 South Korea
6.2.6 India
6.2.7 Australia
6.2.8 Taiwan
6.2.9 Indonesia
6.2.10 Thailand
6.2.11 Malaysia
6.2.12 Philippines
6.3 Europe
6.3.1 Europe Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size YoY Growth 2025-2031
6.3.2 Europe Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Facts & Figures by Country (2021, 2025 & 2031)
6.3.3 Germany
6.3.4 France
6.3.5 U.K.
6.3.6 Italy
6.3.7 Russia
6.4 Latin America
6.4.1 Latin America Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size YoY Growth 2025-2031
6.4.2 Latin America Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Facts & Figures by Country (2021, 2025 & 2031)
6.4.3 Mexico
6.4.4 Brazil
6.4.5 Argentina
6.5 Middle East and Africa
6.5.1 Middle East and Africa Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size YoY Growth 2025-2031
6.5.2 Middle East and Africa Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Facts & Figures by Country (2021, 2025 & 2031)
6.5.3 Turkey
6.5.4 Saudi Arabia
6.5.5 U.A.E
7 Company Profiles
7.1 GM
7.1.1 GM Company Details
7.1.2 GM Business Overview
7.1.3 GM Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Introduction
7.1.4 GM Revenue in Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Business (2021-2025)
7.1.5 GM Recent Development
7.2 Nissan
7.2.1 Nissan Company Details
7.2.2 Nissan Business Overview
7.2.3 Nissan Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Introduction
7.2.4 Nissan Revenue in Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Business (2021-2025)
7.2.5 Nissan Recent Development
7.3 Zoox
7.3.1 Zoox Company Details
7.3.2 Zoox Business Overview
7.3.3 Zoox Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Introduction
7.3.4 Zoox Revenue in Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Business (2021-2025)
7.3.5 Zoox Recent Development
7.4 Baidu
7.4.1 Baidu Company Details
7.4.2 Baidu Business Overview
7.4.3 Baidu Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Introduction
7.4.4 Baidu Revenue in Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Business (2021-2025)
7.4.5 Baidu Recent Development
7.5 Tesla
7.5.1 Tesla Company Details
7.5.2 Tesla Business Overview
7.5.3 Tesla Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Introduction
7.5.4 Tesla Revenue in Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Business (2021-2025)
7.5.5 Tesla Recent Development
7.6 Nuro
7.6.1 Nuro Company Details
7.6.2 Nuro Business Overview
7.6.3 Nuro Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Introduction
7.6.4 Nuro Revenue in Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Business (2021-2025)
7.6.5 Nuro Recent Development
7.7 Waymo
7.7.1 Waymo Company Details
7.7.2 Waymo Business Overview
7.7.3 Waymo Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Introduction
7.7.4 Waymo Revenue in Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Business (2021-2025)
7.7.5 Waymo Recent Development
7.8 Argo AI
7.8.1 Argo AI Company Details
7.8.2 Argo AI Business Overview
7.8.3 Argo AI Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Introduction
7.8.4 Argo AI Revenue in Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Business (2021-2025)
7.8.5 Argo AI Recent Development
8 Research Findings and Conclusion
9 Appendix
9.1 Research Methodology
9.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
9.1.2 Data Source
9.2 Author Details
9.3 Disclaimer

List of Tables
Table 1. Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size United States VS Global, CAGR (2021 VS 2025 VS 2031)
Table 2. Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Trends
Table 3. Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Drivers
Table 4. Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Challenges
Table 5. Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Restraints
Table 6. Global Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size by Type: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 7. United States Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size by Type: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 8. Global Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size by Application: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 9. United States Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size by Application: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 10. Top Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Companies in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 11. Global Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Revenue by Player, (US$ Million), 2021-2025
Table 12. Global Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Revenue Share by Player, 2021-2025
Table 13. Global Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Companies Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 14. Global Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) as of 2021)
Table 15. Top Players of Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) in Global Market, Headquarters and Area Served
Table 16. Companies Revenue in Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Business (2021-2025) & (US$ Million) Type
Table 17. Date of International Companies Enter into Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market
Table 18. Companies Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 19. Top Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Players in United States Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 20. United States Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Revenue by Players, (US$ Million), 2023, 2024 & 2025
Table 21. United States Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Revenue Share by Players, 2023, 2024 & 2025
Table 22. Global Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size by Region (US$ Million): 2021 VS 2025 VS 2031
Table 23. Global Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size by Region (2021-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 24. Global Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size Forecast by Region (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 25. North America Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Sales in Value by Country (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 26. Asia Pacific Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Sales in Value by Region (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 27. Europe Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Sales in Value by Country (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 28. Latin Americaa Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Sales in Value by Country (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 29. Middle East and Africa Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Sales in Value by Country (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 30. GM Company Details
Table 31. GM Business Overview
Table 32. GM Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Product
Table 33. GM Revenue in Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Business (2021-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 34. GM Recent Development
Table 35. Nissan Company Details
Table 36. Nissan Business Overview
Table 37. Nissan Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Product
Table 38. Nissan Revenue in Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Business (2021-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 39. Nissan Recent Development
Table 40. Zoox Company Details
Table 41. Zoox Business Overview
Table 42. Zoox Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Product
Table 43. Zoox Revenue in Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Business (2021-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 44. Zoox Recent Development
Table 45. Baidu Company Details
Table 46. Baidu Business Overview
Table 47. Baidu Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Product
Table 48. Baidu Revenue in Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Business (2021-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 49. Baidu Recent Development
Table 50. Tesla Company Details
Table 51. Tesla Business Overview
Table 52. Tesla Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Product
Table 53. Tesla Revenue in Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Business (2021-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 54. Tesla Recent Development
Table 55. Nuro Company Details
Table 56. Nuro Business Overview
Table 57. Nuro Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Product
Table 58. Nuro Revenue in Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Business (2021-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 59. Nuro Recent Development
Table 60. Waymo Company Details
Table 61. Waymo Business Overview
Table 62. Waymo Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Product
Table 63. Waymo Revenue in Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Business (2021-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 64. Waymo Recent Development
Table 65. Argo AI Company Details
Table 66. Argo AI Business Overview
Table 67. Argo AI Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Product
Table 68. Argo AI Revenue in Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Business (2021-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 69. Argo AI Recent Development
Table 70. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 71. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 72. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Product Picture
Figure 2. Global Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size, (US$ Million), 2021 VS 2025 VS 2031
Figure 3. Global Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size 2025-2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 4. United States Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size, (US$ Million), 2021 VS 2025 VS 2031
Figure 5. United States Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size 2025-2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 6. United States Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Share in Global 2025-2031
Figure 7. Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Report Years Considered
Figure 8. Product Picture of Fuel Power
Figure 9. Product Picture of Electric
Figure 10. Product Picture of Hybrid
Figure 11. Global Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Share by Type in 2025 & 2031
Figure 12. Global Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size by Type (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 13. Global Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Share by Type (2025-2031)
Figure 14. United States Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Share by Type in 2025 & 2031
Figure 15. United States Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size by Type (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 16. United States Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Share by Type (2025-2031)
Figure 17. Product Picture of Passenger Vehicle
Figure 18. Product Picture of Commercial Vehicle
Figure 19. Global Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Share by Application in 2025 & 2031
Figure 20. Global Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size by Application (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 21. Global Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Share by Application (2025-2031)
Figure 22. United States Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Share by Application in 2025 & 2031
Figure 23. United States Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size by Application (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 24. United States Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Share by Application (2025-2031)
Figure 25. North America Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size Growth Rate 2025-2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 26. U.S. Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size Growth Rate (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 27. Canada Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size Growth Rate (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 28. Europe Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size Growth Rate 2025-2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 29. Germany Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size Growth Rate (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 30. France Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size Growth Rate (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 31. U.K. Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size Growth Rate (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 32. Italy Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size Growth Rate (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 33. Russia Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size Growth Rate (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 34. Asia-Pacific Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size Growth Rate 2025-2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 35. China Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size Growth Rate (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 36. Japan Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size Growth Rate (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 37. South Korea Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size Growth Rate (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 38. India Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size Growth Rate (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 39. Australia Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size Growth Rate (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 40. Taiwan Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size Growth Rate (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 41. Indonesia Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size Growth Rate (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 42. Thailand Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size Growth Rate (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 43. Malaysia Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size Growth Rate (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 44. Philippines Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size Growth Rate (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 45. Latin America Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size Growth Rate 2025-2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 46. Mexico Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size Growth Rate (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 47. Brazil Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size Growth Rate (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 48. Argentina Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size Growth Rate (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 49. Middle East & Africa Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size Growth Rate 2025-2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 50. Turkey Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size Growth Rate (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 51. Saudi Arabia Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size Growth Rate (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 52. U.A.E Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Market Size Growth Rate (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 53. GM Revenue Growth Rate in Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Business (2021-2025)
Figure 54. Nissan Revenue Growth Rate in Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Business (2021-2025)
Figure 55. Zoox Revenue Growth Rate in Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Business (2021-2025)
Figure 56. Baidu Revenue Growth Rate in Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Business (2021-2025)
Figure 57. Tesla Revenue Growth Rate in Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Business (2021-2025)
Figure 58. Nuro Revenue Growth Rate in Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Business (2021-2025)
Figure 59. Waymo Revenue Growth Rate in Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Business (2021-2025)
Figure 60. Argo AI Revenue Growth Rate in Autonomous Car-as-a-Product (CaaP) Business (2021-2025)
Figure 61. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 62. Data Triangulation
Figure 63. Key Executives Interviewed

The research methodology employed by VICResearch has been subjected by numerous procedures in order to guarantee the quality and accuracy of the data contained within the reports. The analysts are employed full-time and received more than six months training to satisfy the standard of VICResearch. VICResearch’s methodology can be divided into five stages:

Stage 1: Secondary research
The research team first works with magazines, industry trade group, and administration that operate in the research field. The information provided by our in-house documentation service helps us carrying out further research. Our team which has the experience as well as the knowledge efficiently extracts the accurate information from existing source.

Stage 2: Primary research: interviews with trade sources
After the first stage, the research team conducts large number of face-to-face or telephone interviews with the representative companies operating in the research field. The analysts attempt to obtain a chance to talk with leading players in the field as well as with small companies. The upstream suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, importers, installers, wholesalers and consumers are all included in the interviews. The data gathered during the interview is then carefully checked and compared with the secondary research.

Stage 3: Analysis of the gathered data
The analysis team checks and synthesizes the data gathered during the first two stages. To validate the data, a second series of interviews can be conducted.

Stage 4: Quantitative data
The quantitative data such as market estimates, production and capacity of manufacturer, market forecasts and investment feasibility is provided by VICResearch. The data is based on the estimates obtained during stage 3.
The research team also provides appreciation and analysis of the market and the quantitative data contained in the reports. The data is consequently unique to VICResearch.

Stage 5: Quality control
Before publishing, every report goes under a rigorous checking and editing process, which is done by experience management team to ensure the reliability of the published data. Each analyst in the research team receives support and on-going training which is part of the VICResearch’s internal quality process.