1 Report Overview
1.1 Study Scope
1.2 Market Analysis by Type
1.2.1 Global RNA Medicine Market Size Growth Rate by Type: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2031
1.2.2 siRNA
1.2.3 ASO
1.2.4 miRNA
1.2.5 Nucleic Acid Aptamers
1.3 Market by Application
1.3.1 Global RNA Medicine Market Share by Application: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2031
1.3.2 Cancer
1.3.3 Diabetes
1.3.4 Tuberculosis
1.3.5 Cardiovascular Diseases
1.3.6 Others
1.4 Study Objectives
1.5 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Global RNA Medicine Market Perspective (2025-2031)
2.2 RNA Medicine Growth Trends by Region
2.2.1 RNA Medicine Market Size by Region: 2021 VS 2025 VS 2031
2.2.2 RNA Medicine Historic Market Size by Region (2021-2025)
2.2.3 RNA Medicine Forecasted Market Size by Region (2025-2031)
2.3 RNA Medicine Market Dynamics
2.3.1 RNA Medicine Industry Trends
2.3.2 RNA Medicine Market Drivers
2.3.3 RNA Medicine Market Challenges
2.3.4 RNA Medicine Market Restraints
3 Competition Landscape by Key Players
3.1 Global Top RNA Medicine Players by Revenue
3.1.1 Global Top RNA Medicine Players by Revenue (2021-2025)
3.1.2 Global RNA Medicine Revenue Market Share by Players (2021-2025)
3.2 Global RNA Medicine Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)
3.3 Players Covered: Ranking by RNA Medicine Revenue
3.4 Global RNA Medicine Market Concentration Ratio
3.4.1 Global RNA Medicine Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.4.2 Global Top 10 and Top 5 Companies by RNA Medicine Revenue in 2021
3.5 RNA Medicine Key Players Head office and Area Served
3.6 Key Players RNA Medicine Product Solution and Service
3.7 Date of Enter into RNA Medicine Market
3.8 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 RNA Medicine Breakdown Data by Type
4.1 Global RNA Medicine Historic Market Size by Type (2021-2025)
4.2 Global RNA Medicine Forecasted Market Size by Type (2025-2031)
5 RNA Medicine Breakdown Data by Application
5.1 Global RNA Medicine Historic Market Size by Application (2021-2025)
5.2 Global RNA Medicine Forecasted Market Size by Application (2025-2031)
6 North America
6.1 North America RNA Medicine Market Size (2025-2031)
6.2 North America RNA Medicine Market Size by Country (2021-2025)
6.3 North America RNA Medicine Market Size by Country (2025-2031)
6.4 United States
6.5 Canada
7 Europe
7.1 Europe RNA Medicine Market Size (2025-2031)
7.2 Europe RNA Medicine Market Size by Country (2021-2025)
7.3 Europe RNA Medicine Market Size by Country (2025-2031)
7.4 Germany
7.5 France
7.6 U.K.
7.7 Italy
7.8 Russia
7.9 Nordic Countries
8 Asia-Pacific
8.1 Asia-Pacific RNA Medicine Market Size (2025-2031)
8.2 Asia-Pacific RNA Medicine Market Size by Country (2021-2025)
8.3 Asia-Pacific RNA Medicine Market Size by Country (2025-2031)
8.4 China
8.5 Japan
8.6 South Korea
8.7 Southeast Asia
8.8 India
8.9 Australia
9 Latin America
9.1 Latin America RNA Medicine Market Size (2025-2031)
9.2 Latin America RNA Medicine Market Size by Country (2021-2025)
9.3 Latin America RNA Medicine Market Size by Country (2025-2031)
9.4 Mexico
9.5 Brazil
10 Middle East & Africa
10.1 Middle East & Africa RNA Medicine Market Size (2025-2031)
10.2 Middle East & Africa RNA Medicine Market Size by Country (2021-2025)
10.3 Middle East & Africa RNA Medicine Market Size by Country (2025-2031)
10.4 Turkey
10.5 Saudi Arabia
10.6 UAE
11 Key Players Profiles
11.1 Pfizer
11.1.1 Pfizer Company Detail
11.1.2 Pfizer Business Overview
11.1.3 Pfizer RNA Medicine Introduction
11.1.4 Pfizer Revenue in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025)
11.1.5 Pfizer Recent Development
11.2 Roche
11.2.1 Roche Company Detail
11.2.2 Roche Business Overview
11.2.3 Roche RNA Medicine Introduction
11.2.4 Roche Revenue in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025)
11.2.5 Roche Recent Development
11.3 Sanofi-Aventis
11.3.1 Sanofi-Aventis Company Detail
11.3.2 Sanofi-Aventis Business Overview
11.3.3 Sanofi-Aventis RNA Medicine Introduction
11.3.4 Sanofi-Aventis Revenue in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025)
11.3.5 Sanofi-Aventis Recent Development
11.4 Abbott Laboratories
11.4.1 Abbott Laboratories Company Detail
11.4.2 Abbott Laboratories Business Overview
11.4.3 Abbott Laboratories RNA Medicine Introduction
11.4.4 Abbott Laboratories Revenue in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025)
11.4.5 Abbott Laboratories Recent Development
11.5 Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals
11.5.1 Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals Company Detail
11.5.2 Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals Business Overview
11.5.3 Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals RNA Medicine Introduction
11.5.4 Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals Revenue in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025)
11.5.5 Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals Recent Development
11.6 Benitec Biopharma
11.6.1 Benitec Biopharma Company Detail
11.6.2 Benitec Biopharma Business Overview
11.6.3 Benitec Biopharma RNA Medicine Introduction
11.6.4 Benitec Biopharma Revenue in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025)
11.6.5 Benitec Biopharma Recent Development
11.7 Calimmune Inc
11.7.1 Calimmune Inc Company Detail
11.7.2 Calimmune Inc Business Overview
11.7.3 Calimmune Inc RNA Medicine Introduction
11.7.4 Calimmune Inc Revenue in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025)
11.7.5 Calimmune Inc Recent Development
11.8 Dicerna
11.8.1 Dicerna Company Detail
11.8.2 Dicerna Business Overview
11.8.3 Dicerna RNA Medicine Introduction
11.8.4 Dicerna Revenue in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025)
11.8.5 Dicerna Recent Development
11.9 Gradalis
11.9.1 Gradalis Company Detail
11.9.2 Gradalis Business Overview
11.9.3 Gradalis RNA Medicine Introduction
11.9.4 Gradalis Revenue in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025)
11.9.5 Gradalis Recent Development
11.10 Quark
11.10.1 Quark Company Detail
11.10.2 Quark Business Overview
11.10.3 Quark RNA Medicine Introduction
11.10.4 Quark Revenue in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025)
11.10.5 Quark Recent Development
11.11 RXi
11.11.1 RXi Company Detail
11.11.2 RXi Business Overview
11.11.3 RXi RNA Medicine Introduction
11.11.4 RXi Revenue in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025)
11.11.5 RXi Recent Development
11.12 Senesco
11.12.1 Senesco Company Detail
11.12.2 Senesco Business Overview
11.12.3 Senesco RNA Medicine Introduction
11.12.4 Senesco Revenue in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025)
11.12.5 Senesco Recent Development
11.13 Silence Therapeutics
11.13.1 Silence Therapeutics Company Detail
11.13.2 Silence Therapeutics Business Overview
11.13.3 Silence Therapeutics RNA Medicine Introduction
11.13.4 Silence Therapeutics Revenue in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025)
11.13.5 Silence Therapeutics Recent Development
11.14 Silenseed
11.14.1 Silenseed Company Detail
11.14.2 Silenseed Business Overview
11.14.3 Silenseed RNA Medicine Introduction
11.14.4 Silenseed Revenue in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025)
11.14.5 Silenseed Recent Development
11.15 Tekmira
11.15.1 Tekmira Company Detail
11.15.2 Tekmira Business Overview
11.15.3 Tekmira RNA Medicine Introduction
11.15.4 Tekmira Revenue in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025)
11.15.5 Tekmira Recent Development
11.16 Alnylam Pharmaceuticals
11.16.1 Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Company Detail
11.16.2 Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Business Overview
11.16.3 Alnylam Pharmaceuticals RNA Medicine Introduction
11.16.4 Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Revenue in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025)
11.16.5 Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Recent Development
12 Analyst's Viewpoints/Conclusions
13 Appendix
13.1 Research Methodology
13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.2 Data Source
13.2 Disclaimer
13.3 Author Details

List of Tables
Table 1. Global RNA Medicine Market Size Growth Rate by Type (US$ Million): 2021 VS 2025 VS 2031
Table 2. Key Players of siRNA
Table 3. Key Players of ASO
Table 4. Key Players of miRNA
Table 5. Key Players of Nucleic Acid Aptamers
Table 6. Global RNA Medicine Market Size Growth by Application (US$ Million): 2021 VS 2025 VS 2031
Table 7. Global RNA Medicine Market Size by Region (US$ Million): 2021 VS 2025 VS 2031
Table 8. Global RNA Medicine Market Size by Region (2021-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 9. Global RNA Medicine Market Share by Region (2021-2025)
Table 10. Global RNA Medicine Forecasted Market Size by Region (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 11. Global RNA Medicine Market Share by Region (2025-2031)
Table 12. RNA Medicine Market Trends
Table 13. RNA Medicine Market Drivers
Table 14. RNA Medicine Market Challenges
Table 15. RNA Medicine Market Restraints
Table 16. Global RNA Medicine Revenue by Players (2021-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global RNA Medicine Market Share by Players (2021-2025)
Table 18. Global Top RNA Medicine Players by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in RNA Medicine as of 2021)
Table 19. Ranking of Global Top RNA Medicine Companies by Revenue (US$ Million) in 2025
Table 20. Global 5 Largest Players Market Share by RNA Medicine Revenue (CR5 and HHI) & (2021-2025)
Table 21. Key Players Headquarters and Area Served
Table 22. Key Players RNA Medicine Product Solution and Service
Table 23. Date of Enter into RNA Medicine Market
Table 24. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 25. Global RNA Medicine Market Size by Type (2021-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 26. Global RNA Medicine Revenue Market Share by Type (2021-2025)
Table 27. Global RNA Medicine Forecasted Market Size by Type (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 28. Global RNA Medicine Revenue Market Share by Type (2025-2031)
Table 29. Global RNA Medicine Market Size by Application (2021-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 30. Global RNA Medicine Revenue Market Share by Application (2021-2025)
Table 31. Global RNA Medicine Forecasted Market Size by Application (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 32. Global RNA Medicine Revenue Market Share by Application (2025-2031)
Table 33. North America RNA Medicine Market Size by Country (2021-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 34. North America RNA Medicine Market Size by Country (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 35. Europe RNA Medicine Market Size by Country (2021-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 36. Europe RNA Medicine Market Size by Country (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 37. Asia-Pacific RNA Medicine Market Size by Region (2021-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 38. Asia-Pacific RNA Medicine Market Size by Region (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 39. Latin America RNA Medicine Market Size by Country (2021-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 40. Latin America RNA Medicine Market Size by Country (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 41. Middle East & Africa RNA Medicine Market Size by Country (2021-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 42. Middle East & Africa RNA Medicine Market Size by Country (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 43. Pfizer Company Detail
Table 44. Pfizer Business Overview
Table 45. Pfizer RNA Medicine Product
Table 46. Pfizer Revenue in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 47. Pfizer Recent Development
Table 48. Roche Company Detail
Table 49. Roche Business Overview
Table 50. Roche RNA Medicine Product
Table 51. Roche Revenue in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 52. Roche Recent Development
Table 53. Sanofi-Aventis Company Detail
Table 54. Sanofi-Aventis Business Overview
Table 55. Sanofi-Aventis RNA Medicine Product
Table 56. Sanofi-Aventis Revenue in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 57. Sanofi-Aventis Recent Development
Table 58. Abbott Laboratories Company Detail
Table 59. Abbott Laboratories Business Overview
Table 60. Abbott Laboratories RNA Medicine Product
Table 61. Abbott Laboratories Revenue in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 62. Abbott Laboratories Recent Development
Table 63. Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals Company Detail
Table 64. Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals Business Overview
Table 65. Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals RNA Medicine Product
Table 66. Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals Revenue in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 67. Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals Recent Development
Table 68. Benitec Biopharma Company Detail
Table 69. Benitec Biopharma Business Overview
Table 70. Benitec Biopharma RNA Medicine Product
Table 71. Benitec Biopharma Revenue in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 72. Benitec Biopharma Recent Development
Table 73. Calimmune Inc Company Detail
Table 74. Calimmune Inc Business Overview
Table 75. Calimmune Inc RNA Medicine Product
Table 76. Calimmune Inc Revenue in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 77. Calimmune Inc Recent Development
Table 78. Dicerna Company Detail
Table 79. Dicerna Business Overview
Table 80. Dicerna RNA Medicine Product
Table 81. Dicerna Revenue in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 82. Dicerna Recent Development
Table 83. Gradalis Company Detail
Table 84. Gradalis Business Overview
Table 85. Gradalis RNA Medicine Product
Table 86. Gradalis Revenue in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 87. Gradalis Recent Development
Table 88. Quark Company Detail
Table 89. Quark Business Overview
Table 90. Quark RNA Medicine Product
Table 91. Quark Revenue in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 92. Quark Recent Development
Table 93. RXi Company Detail
Table 94. RXi Business Overview
Table 95. RXi RNA MedicineProduct
Table 96. RXi Revenue in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 97. RXi Recent Development
Table 98. Senesco Company Detail
Table 99. Senesco Business Overview
Table 100. Senesco RNA MedicineProduct
Table 101. Senesco Revenue in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 102. Senesco Recent Development
Table 103. Silence Therapeutics Company Detail
Table 104. Silence Therapeutics Business Overview
Table 105. Silence Therapeutics RNA MedicineProduct
Table 106. Silence Therapeutics Revenue in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 107. Silence Therapeutics Recent Development
Table 108. Silenseed Company Detail
Table 109. Silenseed Business Overview
Table 110. Silenseed RNA MedicineProduct
Table 111. Silenseed Revenue in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 112. Silenseed Recent Development
Table 113. Tekmira Company Detail
Table 114. Tekmira Business Overview
Table 115. Tekmira RNA MedicineProduct
Table 116. Tekmira Revenue in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 117. Tekmira Recent Development
Table 118. Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Company Detail
Table 119. Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Business Overview
Table 120. Alnylam Pharmaceuticals RNA MedicineProduct
Table 121. Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Revenue in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 122. Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Recent Development
Table 123. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 124. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 125. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Global RNA Medicine Market Share by Type: 2021 VS 2028
Figure 2. siRNA Features
Figure 3. ASO Features
Figure 4. miRNA Features
Figure 5. Nucleic Acid Aptamers Features
Figure 6. Global RNA Medicine Market Share by Application in 2025 & 2028
Figure 7. Cancer Case Studies
Figure 8. Diabetes Case Studies
Figure 9. Tuberculosis Case Studies
Figure 10. Cardiovascular Diseases Case Studies
Figure 11. Others Case Studies
Figure 12. RNA Medicine Report Years Considered
Figure 13. Global RNA Medicine Market Size (US$ Million), Year-over-Year: 2025-2031
Figure 14. Global RNA Medicine Market Size, (US$ Million), 2021 VS 2025 VS 2031
Figure 15. Global RNA Medicine Market Share by Region: 2021 VS 2028
Figure 16. Global RNA Medicine Market Share by Players in 2025
Figure 17. Global Top RNA Medicine Players by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in RNA Medicine as of 2021)
Figure 18. The Top 10 and 5 Players Market Share by RNA Medicine Revenue in 2025
Figure 19. North America RNA Medicine Market Size YoY Growth (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 20. North America RNA Medicine Market Share by Country (2025-2031)
Figure 21. United States RNA Medicine Market Size YoY Growth (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 22. Canada RNA Medicine Market Size YoY Growth (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 23. Europe RNA Medicine Market Size YoY Growth (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 24. Europe RNA Medicine Market Share by Country (2025-2031)
Figure 25. Germany RNA Medicine Market Size YoY Growth (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 26. France RNA Medicine Market Size YoY Growth (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 27. U.K. RNA Medicine Market Size YoY Growth (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 28. Italy RNA Medicine Market Size YoY Growth (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 29. Russia RNA Medicine Market Size YoY Growth (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 30. Nordic Countries RNA Medicine Market Size YoY Growth (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 31. Asia-Pacific RNA Medicine Market Size YoY Growth (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 32. Asia-Pacific RNA Medicine Market Share by Region (2025-2031)
Figure 33. China RNA Medicine Market Size YoY Growth (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 34. Japan RNA Medicine Market Size YoY Growth (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 35. South Korea RNA Medicine Market Size YoY Growth (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 36. Southeast Asia RNA Medicine Market Size YoY Growth (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 37. India RNA Medicine Market Size YoY Growth (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 38. Australia RNA Medicine Market Size YoY Growth (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 39. Latin America RNA Medicine Market Size YoY Growth (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 40. Latin America RNA Medicine Market Share by Country (2025-2031)
Figure 41. Mexico RNA Medicine Market Size YoY Growth (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 42. Brazil RNA Medicine Market Size YoY Growth (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 43. Middle East & Africa RNA Medicine Market Size YoY Growth (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 44. Middle East & Africa RNA Medicine Market Share by Country (2025-2031)
Figure 45. Turkey RNA Medicine Market Size YoY Growth (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia RNA Medicine Market Size YoY Growth (2025-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 47. Pfizer Revenue Growth Rate in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025)
Figure 48. Roche Revenue Growth Rate in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025)
Figure 49. Sanofi-Aventis Revenue Growth Rate in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025)
Figure 50. Abbott Laboratories Revenue Growth Rate in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025)
Figure 51. Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals Revenue Growth Rate in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025)
Figure 52. Benitec Biopharma Revenue Growth Rate in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025)
Figure 53. Calimmune Inc Revenue Growth Rate in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025)
Figure 54. Dicerna Revenue Growth Rate in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025)
Figure 55. Gradalis Revenue Growth Rate in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025)
Figure 56. Quark Revenue Growth Rate in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025)
Figure 57. RXi Revenue Growth Rate in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025)
Figure 58. Senesco Revenue Growth Rate in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025)
Figure 59. Silence Therapeutics Revenue Growth Rate in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025)
Figure 60. Silenseed Revenue Growth Rate in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025)
Figure 61. Tekmira Revenue Growth Rate in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025)
Figure 62. Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Revenue Growth Rate in RNA Medicine Business (2021-2025)
Figure 63. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 64. Data Triangulation
Figure 65. Key Executives Interviewed

The research methodology employed by VICResearch has been subjected by numerous procedures in order to guarantee the quality and accuracy of the data contained within the reports. The analysts are employed full-time and received more than six months training to satisfy the standard of VICResearch. VICResearch’s methodology can be divided into five stages:

Stage 1: Secondary research
The research team first works with magazines, industry trade group, and administration that operate in the research field. The information provided by our in-house documentation service helps us carrying out further research. Our team which has the experience as well as the knowledge efficiently extracts the accurate information from existing source.

Stage 2: Primary research: interviews with trade sources
After the first stage, the research team conducts large number of face-to-face or telephone interviews with the representative companies operating in the research field. The analysts attempt to obtain a chance to talk with leading players in the field as well as with small companies. The upstream suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, importers, installers, wholesalers and consumers are all included in the interviews. The data gathered during the interview is then carefully checked and compared with the secondary research.

Stage 3: Analysis of the gathered data
The analysis team checks and synthesizes the data gathered during the first two stages. To validate the data, a second series of interviews can be conducted.

Stage 4: Quantitative data
The quantitative data such as market estimates, production and capacity of manufacturer, market forecasts and investment feasibility is provided by VICResearch. The data is based on the estimates obtained during stage 3.
The research team also provides appreciation and analysis of the market and the quantitative data contained in the reports. The data is consequently unique to VICResearch.

Stage 5: Quality control
Before publishing, every report goes under a rigorous checking and editing process, which is done by experience management team to ensure the reliability of the published data. Each analyst in the research team receives support and on-going training which is part of the VICResearch’s internal quality process.